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Pulmonary Embolism

Pulmonary Embolism (PE) is a potentially life-threatening condition where one or more arteries in the lungs become blocked by a blood clot (embolus). Most commonly, these clots originate in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis – DVT) and travel to the lungs. PE causes reduced blood flow, hypoxia, and strain on the right side of the heart, which can be fatal if not promptly treated.

Causes / Risk Factors (Virchow’s Triad)

1. Venous stasis

• Prolonged immobility (bed rest, long travel)
• Post-operative period

2. Endothelial injury

• Trauma, surgery, central lines

3. Hypercoagulable state

• Cancer
• Pregnancy or postpartum
• Oral contraceptives
• Genetic thrombophilias (Factor V Leiden, Protein C/S deficiency)
• Antiphospholipid syndrome

Common Symptoms

• Sudden shortness of breath
• Pleuritic chest pain (sharp, worse with inspiration)
• Cough (may be dry or with hemoptysis)
• Tachypnea (rapid breathing)
• Tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
• Hypoxia
• Syncope or near-syncope (especially in massive PE)
• Leg swelling or pain (sign of DVT)

Prevention

• Early mobilization after surgery
• Compression stockings or pneumatic devices
• Prophylactic anticoagulation in high-risk patients (hospitalized, post-op)
• Avoid long immobility (e.g., during travel)