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COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive and irreversible lung disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. It includes conditions like chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which cause inflammation and structural changes in the airways and alveoli. COPD mainly results from long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, or occupational chemicals and dust.

Symptoms

• Chronic cough (often with sputum)
• Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity
• Wheezing
• Chest tightness
• Fatigue
• Frequent respiratory infections
• Unintended weight loss (in advanced stages)
• Cyanosis (bluish discoloration of lips/nail beds in severe cases)

Causes & Risk Factors

• Tobacco smoking (primary cause)
• Exposure to air pollution
• Occupational dust and chemicals
• Indoor smoke from biomass fuel (especially in developing countries)
• Genetic factors – e.g., Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
• Age >40 years
• History of childhood respiratory infections

Treatment Goals

• Relieve symptoms
• Slow disease progression
• Improve exercise tolerance and quality of life
• Prevent and treat exacerbations