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Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lungs, specifically affecting the alveoli (air sacs), which become filled with pus or fluid, making breathing difficult and reducing oxygen exchange. It can range from mild to life-threatening, especially in infants, elderly individuals, and those with weakened immune systems. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or aspiration of foreign substances.

Types of Pneumonia

• Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP): Acquired outside hospitals
• Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP): Develops ≥48 hours after hospital admission
• Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP): Occurs in people on mechanical ventilation
• Aspiration Pneumonia: Caused by inhalation of food, saliva, or gastric contents
• Atypical Pneumonia: Caused by organisms like Mycoplasma, Chlamydophila, Legionella

Common Symptoms

• Fever and chills
• Cough (may produce yellow, green, or bloody sputum)
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain (sharp, worsens with deep breaths)
• Fatigue and weakness
• Rapid breathing or heart rate
• Confusion (especially in elderly)

Causes (Etiological Agents)

• Bacterial: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus
• Viral: Influenza, RSV, COVID-19, adenovirus
• Fungal: Histoplasma, Aspergillus (more in immunocompromised)
• Parasitic: Rare, in immunosuppressed or tropical areas

Prevention

• Vaccinations
• Hand hygiene and cough etiquette
• Avoid smoking
• Good oral care (important in hospitalized patients)